The main perspectives of quality management - Free Essay Example

QUALITY MANAGEMENT PART I Compare and contrast the main perspectives of quality management. What are the major similarities and differences between these perspectives? Introduction to Quality Management According to ISO DIS 9000:2000, quality may be defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirementsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Within the corporate world, it is not only important that organisations conform to quality requirements in the production of goods and services but also maintain quality standards that are acceptable. This is especially true when looked at from the perspective of the customer who feels comfortable interacting with an organisation that upholds its quality standards and prides itself on it. Over time, as organisations seek out customers across global markets, the standardisation of quality became an important issue. Whilst one standard of quality might be acceptable in a country like Germany, custo mers present in a country such as the UK might not understand the compliance levels of that particular country. For precisely this reason, there was a dire need for standardisation of quality compliance at an international level. (Tricker, Ray (2001) ISO 9001:2000 for Small Business, pg: 13-14) History of Quality Management In 1947, the ISO was created as a department within the United Nations. By 1987, the first set of quality standards was produced by the ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) giving it the name of ISO 9000. The compliance needs within the document were largely taken from the BS5750 and with further guidance notes to ensure that it complied with the requirements of the age. However, there were numerous loopholes in this document with regards to quality compliance needs since organisations didnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t necessarily need to conform to particular standards to qualify for the ISO 9000 certification. It was enough that companies documen t how they intend to address the gaps in their compliance requirements. This allowed organisations to go ahead and produce sub-standard goods as long as there was a mechanism in place to address the quality standards. But customers and management realised over time that this was harmful and an inaccurate depiction of the quality levels of the organisation concerned. Over the next decade, more and more changes were made to the original document and in the year 2000, they were all incorporates into a single document and given the name of ISO 9001:2000, with 2000 signifying the year of the final document. This document goes down better with the final customers and management teams of organisations and paints a more realistic picture of the levels of quality that an organisation conforms to. In addition, this document also assigned responsibility to various management staff to ensure the implementation of the quality processes across the organisation. To provide some indication of this, the initial ISO 9000 document contained 20 areas of fulfilment needs. The new, more updated version of ISO 9001:2000 contains 4 areas of fulfilment needs à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" management responsibility, resource management, product realisation and measurement, analysis and improvement. (Tricker, Ray (2001) ISO 9001:2000 for Small Business, pg: 18-20) Different types of quality management There are different types of quality management standards each intended for a different purpose and hence, have different perspectives. In order to understand the different perspectives, it is important to dwell into the different kinds of quality standards that organisations find themselves faced with. Some of them are listed below and explained in brief: The ISO 9001:2000 is a set of standards that is the most basic and widely acceptable quality standards across the globe. They are intended for any form of business model and ensure that quality standards are met across industry verticals . They are discussed in further detail in other areas of the paper but it is important to note that their very creation was due to the gaps in the various quality standards that were being utilised so far. To highlight this very fact, the ISO 9001:2000 contains all areas of the ISO 9000:2000, ISO 9001:1994, ISO 9002:1994 and ISO 9003:1994 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" all the amendments were simplified and certified as one into ISO 9001:2000. In addition, there were certain permissible clauses that were incorporated into this new standard to allow greater flexibility to organisations. For instance, in the past, when an organisation required complying with design requirements in the production of its goods and services, they could not comply with the ISO 9002:1994 certification since their requirements werenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t taken into account at the time of drafting the document. However, with the new document, the rationale lies in the fact that with the ever changing business scenario, the re is little that quality standards can constantly adapt to. Hence, it makes more sense to include what is known as an exclusion clause. This enables companies that had processes that did not necessarily fall under the requirements listed by the quality standards to use the exclusion clause and still gain acceptance into the ISO certification. In simplistic terms, the ISO certification has come to be known as an acceptable standard the world over and is also a pre-requisite for some customers. So, in order to do business effectively and with a wider audience, this new change in the ISO 9001:2000 makes very good business sense by taking away any unfair advantage that more process conforming organisations might have. (Shankar, Nitin. K., ISO 9000 for a Small Planet, Quality, Sep2002, Vol. 41 Issue 9, p27, 5p) The ISO 14001 set of quality standards is the equivalent of the UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s BS7750 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first EMS (Environmental Manage ment System). This is not a compulsory standard that companies much conform to. It deals with companies and their impact on the environment that surrounds them and with the environment that is not in their immediate vicinity but they can influence none the less. Most organisations have specific equipment to measure and calibrate their research work as well as their product design. In this case, the ISO 10012 standards ensure that quality levels are achieved with regards to the measurement and inspection of equipment that would be used in the design or production of final goods and services. There are a host of other quality standards but for the purpose of this document, we shall limit discussions to the above. (Brown, Tony (1993) Understanding BS5750 and other Quality Systems, pg: 144) Perspectives on the different QM Now, each of the above is driven by different perspectives à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" some of them align themselves to each other and in other cases, they differenti ate themselves from each other purely due to the end requirement that they have. Similarities Integration There is an overall sense of ensuring that quality standards integrate with the business functions at all levels. This is the case with all the different standards irrespective of the industry vertical. For instance, the ISO 9001:2000 encompasses the need for process measurement and process auditing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" an important requirements within the ISO 10012 as well. In addition, the ISO 140001 QS (Quality Standards) can also integrate with an organisationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ ISO 9001:2001 QS requirements. This is done by organisations that take stock of their existing management systems and align them to those required by the two quality standards. Extensions The different quality standards amalgamate with each other as extensions of each otherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s guidelines. For instance, an organisation that produces steel needs to ensure that it complies w ith design standards and instrument compliance under the ISO 10012 and at the same time, comply with ISO 14000 should they want to adhere to their environmental compliance. The good thing is that both of them work by complementing each other as opposed to duplicating their efforts with regards to the quality standards. In more generic circumstances, both ISO 10012 and ISO 140001 can be natural extensions of the ISO 9001:2001 quality standards. Integration In most cases, the implementation of quality standards is highly dependent on the level of integration and involvement that can be achieved within the organisation. When there are changes required to systems and processes, organisations will find that the easiest way to include those changes is through the people themselves. This proves to a more successful approach since it meets with as little resistance as possible to the new changes. At the same time, when changes are implemented by the front-line staff, they are more app reciative of the reasons and the rationale behind the change, making the overall transition from one process to another a lot more smoother and effortless. This is the case with all quality standards and systems and each of them encourage this methodology in contemporary business surroundings. The trick is to empower the employees and allow them to find their way by giving them broad outlines on what is required of them. The commonalities shared by the different standards are primarily because the rationale that they share are common with each ensuring that their guidelines are intended for a singular purpose, which is ensuring that quality standards across functional and cross-industry spheres improve. Differences Organisation It must be remembered that the ISO 9001:2001 quality standards ensure that organisations comply with their processes and it is not scaled across the organisation and its impact to its surroundings. On the other hand, quality standards such as the ISO 14001 ensure that an organisation takes responsibility of ensuring quality across the organisation and beyond. For instance, an organisation that manufactures leather products need to have very strict environmental controls purely because of the pollution caused by the residual products that are produced as a result of the manufacturing process. In this case, organisations need to adhere to the process that drives the production process as well as comply with disposal regulations, waste recycling, takes accountability for the environment that surrounds it and ensures that it takes proactive steps to ensure that there is a cleaner environment as a result. Hence, there are different perspectives for the two quality standards since they address different scales of the organisation. Requirements As discussed above, there are different requirements based on the varying quality standards. These are but natural since each one of them addresses separate issues. Whilst they all share a common goal at the highest level, on a more grass-root level, they are certainly different in the way they approach the quality requirements across the corporate fraternity. End benefits Whilst some of the quality standards are primarily created to ensure that they improve the level of customer service that is received, others such as the ISO 14001 is primarily targeted at the global issues of environmental degradation and pushes organisations to take responsibility for their actions at a much more wider scale. This is the case after a lot of deliberation over the years of moving towards a single quality standard that encompasses all areas of the organisation and its surrounding environment. The move towards a single standard may or may not happen in the years to come, but the pattern of consolidating the different quality standards seems to dictate that in the near future, organisations would be able to comply with fewer guidelines across different standards and be accredit ed to fewer certification requirements. In this case, the end benefits would still accrue to the same sources but the road to get there would be different. For instance, an organisation today needs to conform to different quality standards to be able to show its level of certification. As time goes by, this is looking to change where the same organisation need only meet the requirements stated by a single quality standard that encompasses all the areas of the previously different quality standards. Hence, they would look at implementing standards from different beneficiary perspectives but all the requirements would be met as was the case in the past. It must be noted that although there might be several differences in the perspectives of the different quality standards, each of them are at the functional levels. On a more holistic level, the rationale shared is exactly the same since each of them are consumed with the idea of improving the level of quality across organisations. This provides the overall direction to the different guidelines outlined in the quality standards and then uses this to direct them at a more functional level. (ISO Standard Provides Measurement Management System, Professional Safety; Jul2003, Vol. 48 Issue 7, p10, 1/7p) (EU Seeks to Improve Regulations, Business the Environment with ISO 14000 Updates; May2005, Vol. 16 Issue 5, p14, 5/9p) (Tricker, Ray (2001) ISO 9001:2000 for Small Business, pg: 24-25) PART II Critically evaluate the purpose and intent of quality systems such as ISO 9000:2000à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Purpose and Intent of ISO 9000:2000 The purpose and intent of the ISO 9000:2000 is largely hinged on the fact that there were numerous gaps in the previous quality standards that were documented. The end result was that there was a dire need for a set of guidelines that reached out to all areas of an organisations in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contemporary business scenario and addressed all issues that werenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t in the past, and finally, addressing them with flexible options. The ISO 9000:2000 was finally incorporated into ISO 9001:2000 since it took into account a host of other quality standards mentioned earlier in the paper. There are a variety of objectives that the ISO 9001:2000 aims to satisfy. In the past, the guidelines and requirements of documents were primarily addressed at the manufacturing organisations and the processes along the production cycles. This was a hindrance to the growing service sector as more and more organisations began to have virtual processes that werenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t associated with the physical production of goods. Take for example, the travel trade. It was quite a challenge to ensure that organisations within this industry were able to conform to the guidelines in order to obtain ISO 9000 certification simply because of the lack of alignment between the requirements and the processes within such organisations. This new document is aimed at ensuring that this gap is closed and organisations with any business model can find themselves relating their processes to the needs of the document. In the ISO 9000 document, there were 20 individual areas that contained criteria that were to be met. This not only proved to be cumbersome and extremely time consuming, but these elements were not linked with each other. This provided stand alone views of an organisations capability to confirm to quality but there was the lack of a holistic picture. The new document ensures that the various areas that require compliance are integrated together so as to ensure a level of consistency across the organisation and create a process that drives the implementation of quality across all areas of the organisation. Additionally, the new document ensures that responsibilities are allocated to various management staff to ensure the implementation and coordination of quality processes. To aid this, the ISO 9001:2000 also pr ovides a process management model that enables management staff to follow the quality guidelines according to a process. There is also a tracking process that allows the continuous monitoring of the progress on the quality process. This provides direction to the management teams and allows them to ensure that there is transparency in the implementation process and there are checks at every stage of the quality project. There was also the complaint of too many modules to conform to and the lengthy documentation procedures clubbed with the lack of education and training on how to present the process requirements to auditors in the past. This issue has also been addressed with the new guidelines and there are specific areas that educate management teams on how to create the final documents that need to be presented to the auditors for certification. In addition, it also ensures that there is an increased level of flexibility in creating the final documents by ensuring that it relies on the rationality and not on the bureaucratic needs of the guideline. The ISO 9001:2000 also pushes organisations to ensure that it has the infrastructure to be able to organise or reorganise its systems and process to ensure that it meets compliance requirements. This is done through continuous checks and measures on the working environment and if it meets the required guidelines, the checks on compliance needs from the customer perspective and any other quality controlled areas such as research and development etc. The new guidelines also include a system by which organisations require to submit a formal review of how they can meet with customer expectations. This is an important audit phases since it keeps organisations on their toes all the time by ensuring that they are always striving towards a singular purpose of meeting their customer needs. To be able to meet the objectives that the customerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s expect of these organisations, they would need to commun icate extensively with their customers, understand their satisfaction levels through continuous feedback, implement a system whereby they can incorporate that feedback to filter into areas for process and system improvements and finally, ensure a regular review of how happy the customers are with their enthusiasm to strive towards continuous improvement and providing them with improved quality goods and services. There is also the mechanism within the guidelines to ensure that the organisation can learn from the process capability studies that serve as templates to work from, it encourages various forms of design control which are loosely based on the rationale associated with project management and at the same time, it includes explanations of design requirements. The new document also found that with the advent of technology, there are numerous changes in the actual process of procurement and purchasing of raw materials and resources for the production of goods as well as a support function to other areas of the organisation. As opposed to traditional purchasing methods, the contemporary procurement processes revolve around sourcing the most economical supplier of goods from across the globe to be able to supply the organisation with value for money for the goods that they are looking to source. For instance, should an automotive company in China look to process cold rolled steel as a part of its resource requirement, in the past, it would have looked at either its domestic industry or the neighbouring countries. In any case, it was reliant on the steel trade to be able to dispense information to it on which are the most cost effective suppliers that it would be able to use. However, over time, the same automotive company now has the option of sourcing its steel from the most competitively priced steel supplier from across the globe. This happens through technological advances and primarily through the Internet. The guidelines look to incorporate preci sely this change in the supply and purchasing chain in the business arena. It manages to improve the definition of what really can be classified as procurement and purchasing and ensures that the definition is aligned to the contemporary needs and functions of todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s enterprises. Another important phase of the process chain in most organisations is the final delivery of goods from the premises of the organisation. Unlike previous documents, the ISO 9001:2000 looks to incorporate the quality at the time of delivery to the customer. In the past, there was far too much stress on the process that would is involved in the production of finished goods. The rationale was that as long as the processes are in perfect working order and free from defect, the organisation would be able to produce high quality goods. This however, neednà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t always be the case. There could be instances when the quality of inputs or resources used in the production chain is of p oor quality and this would ultimately result in the production of poor quality goods no matter how stringent the processes were in the middle of the production cycle. Hence, the changes have been incorporated into the new guidelines and now, not only does it lay focus on the actual process that is required for the production of the goods, but also ensures that the finished products meets all the quality needs that are in sync with the demands and expectations of the end customer. As an extension to the above, the guidelines also ensure that service level requirements do not end with the production of good quality product but also include the post production and post sales services that are customer facing. The rationale behind this is that no matter how good the products or service offerings are, should an organisation fail to service the customer well after the sale is met, there is little chance of the customer remaining satisfied. This is how modern day organisations look at t heir business processes as well. The cycle ends with the return of customers to them for more of their goods and services as opposed to earlier business models where the accent was laid on delivery of goods and services. The document also utilises the requirements of the ISO 10012 which is a guideline that deals with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Quality Assurance requirements for measuring equipmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This is particularly handy when it comes to the manufacturing process or where precision tools are required in research and development in various industries. This in turn, provides a more realistic measure of the actual state of the quality process prevalent within an organisation since the ISO 10012 requirements clearly dictate requirements to conduct process measurements and audits at regular intervals to ensure an accurate measurement and tracking system. Interestingly, there is also a need for organisations to ensure that continually revalidate their products or services even after they have passed the quality compliance needs. This is to ensure a level of consistency over a period of time and encourage an ethos within an organisation where everyone is constantly conscious of maintaining quality at the highest standards. To do this effectively, and as mentioned earlier, it is important that customers drive the quality needs of the organisations and so they would be the best source to validate the level of quality repeatedly. This system has been documented thereby making it impossible for organisations to cheat the system. In previous documents and guidelines, there was a lot of emphasis on what the gaps where within the processes chain or with quality compliance needs, but little or no mention of what the preventive actions were to ensure that organisations do not get to a stage where quality becomes an issue. Hence, there was a need for proactive steps for organisations to take to stay away from quality failures. This new document reveals just that for organisations by ensuring that they can take proactive steps to ensure that they prevent quality mishaps and at the same time, shows them how to address faults in their system through corrective measures. These areas were not covered substantially in previous documents making it difficult for organisations to put their processes right once they had in fact, gone wrong. (Tricker, Ray (2001) ISO 9001:2000 for Small Business, pg: 23-24) The rationale in modern day businesses is that in order to maintain the highest levels of quality, they would need to constantly strive for more than they need to achieve. In addition to this, organisations would also need to ensure that they continually improve what they have and raise their benchmarks after every success. The new document strives to encourage exactly this. It pushes organisations towards the process of continuous improvement. Lastly, the document ensures that all its requirements are in sync with the overall management systems that are in place within an organisation and attempts to work around them by keeping the management objectives as a key focus area. To sum this up, there are 8 main areas within the business functions that have been targeted in the new ISO 9001:2000 guidelines. These are: Customers The document understands the over-riding importance of the customer in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s businesses, so much so that most business models need to be developed and adapted around the customers that they propose to influence. Hence, these guidelines are extremely customer focussed and are driven by customer expectations of quality from the organisation. Leadership To provide any organisation with direction, it requires leadership and initiative to move it as a singular entity towards a common purpose. Involvement Quality controls require enormous motivational needs from within the organisation and the best way to do this is to ensure that as many employees are involved so that the value is well understood and implementation becomes easier in the longer run. Process Systems can be easily understood and monitored when they are broken down into manageable processes. Systems As mentioned above, systems are imperative to an organisation to ensure that there is a certain order and at the same time, it lends purpose to the organisation by giving it focus. The last 3 areas are continuous improvement which ensures that organisations are constantly striving towards improvements, a fact based approach towards decision-making which requires leaders to take decision on hard evidence as opposed to guess-work and lastly, that all relationships with suppliers should be beneficial to everyone to ensure a long lasting relationship. (Shankar, Nitin. K., ISO 9000 for a Small Planet, Quality, Sep2002, Vol. 41 Issue 9, p27, 5p) (Hoyle, David (1998) ISO 9000 Pocket Guide, pg: 2-29) BIBLIOGRAPHY Tricker, Ray (2001) ISO 9001:2000 for Small Business, GB, pg: 13-83 Shankar, Nitin. K., ISO 9000 for a Small Planet, Quality, Sep2002, Vol. 41 Issue 9, p27, 5p ISO Standard Provides Measurement Management System, Professional Safety; Jul2003, Vol. 48 Issue 7, p10, 1/7p EU Seeks to Improve Regulations, Business the Environment with ISO 14000 Updates; May2005, Vol. 16 Issue 5, p14, 5/9p Brown, Tony (1993) Understanding BS5750 and other Quality Systems, GB, Cambridge University Press, pg: 144 Hoyle, David (1998) ISO 9000 Pocket Guide, GB, martin the Printers Ltd., Berwick-upon-Tweed, pg: 2-29

Employability of graduate student - 1925 Words

Employability of graduate student (Essay Sample) Content: Employability for Graduate Students Name Institution Course Professor Date Employability for Graduate Students Introduction The term employability refers to a management philosophy whose responsibility is to recognize work-related performance from the competencies and creativity of all workers (Archer and Davison, 2008 p. 17). It helps business owners to create a conducive working environment for professional and personal growth opportunities. In others words, when an organization attracts and employees talented workforce, it gains crucial skills which assist in the overall growth of the firm. Thus, every organization strives to employee skilled workers in different fields to remain competitive in the market. When an employee gets a new contract in the company, it means improvement towards a higher commitment to incessant development and learning. Therefore, it requires every employee to understand and accept changes in the workplace for the smooth running of activities. In completion of university/college, graduate students are supposed to have gained important skills of managing their colleagues at the workplace (Archer and Davison, 2008 p. 19). For instance, the knowledge I acquired has helped me understand how to treat my colleagues who have diverse behaviors. In every setup, people possess different characters and failure to manage them well, may result in interpersonal conflicts. In the modern day, all graduate employers put more emphasis on attracting candidates who possess the right competencies and skills for their companies. Usually, it depends on the profession or career sector you would like to work in, and it could need specific abilities, skills, and knowledge to fit in that particular job (Dacre and Sewell, 2007 p. 278). To complement general behaviors and competences in the workplace, recruiters focus on several skills which are discussed below. Skills Desired by Graduate Recruiters Commercial Awareness: As a graduate student, you need to show the employer that you understand how the industry or business operates (Fugate, Kinicki and Ashforth, 2004 p. 24). The most important aspects here is to show that you understand what the firm wants to achieve through its services and products. For instance, mentioning the goals and objectives of the company and giving tips on how to realize the same makes the employer believe in you. On the other hand, you must show that you understand how the business competes in the industry (Schomburg and Teichler, 2011 p 14). Mentioning some of the key competitors and how to come up with a strategic plan to counter competition is helpful. Communication: This includes both written and verbal communication as well as listening. Effective communication entails being, concise, clear, and focused (Watts, 2006 p. 66). The employer is always concerned about whether a graduate can manage to tailor information to a specific audience and giving colleagues a listening ears to their opinions (Tomlinson, 2008 p. 48) . Communications skills help to enhance positive relationships with different stakeholders in the organization. When there are effective communications, managers can help to avert situations that may result in conflict in the organization. Teamwork: Often, recruiters are looking for employees who prove to be team players. Therefore, graduate students must show their capability to delegate and manage their colleagues and take on roles (Harvey, 2003). Being a good team leader or player requires one to build a positive relationship among different parties so as to realize the set goals and objectives of the company. Therefore, graduates are required to grasp knowledge on teamwork skills as it is crucial for all business operations. Persuasion and Negotiation Power: This entails the ability to put forward what you want to achieve. Also, it requires one to understand the differences of other people and unite them so as to realize general goals (Schomburg and Teichler, 2011 p 19). In many cases, employers want to recruit graduates with a positive feeling about what they do and for others. Hence, one should prove to possess persuasion and negotiation abilities to increase his or her employability chance. Ability to Solve Problems: As a graduate student, you must prove to the employers that you have the ability to solve problems in an analytical and logical way. At this point, you must show that you can tackle different issues from different angles (Tomlinson, 2008 p. 54). The reason is that there will be different problems at different times in the workplace. Showing the ability to effectively solve problems is key as every organization wants to focus on its goals and objectives with minimal interruptions (Yorke, 2006). Therefore, graduate students are required to possess this important skill so as to increase their employability. Leadership: On graduation, you might not be a manager, but you must show the recruiter that you have the ability to motivate groups and other workers in the organization. Graduate students are therefore required to have knowledge on delegating and assigning duties, setting goals and being role models to other workers (Tomlinson, 2007 p. 285). Also, as a leader, graduates are supposed to prove their ability to come up with strategic plans that can help the company to realize its goals. Many organizations are keen to identify graduate students with leadership skills as they are an important asset to the organization. Organisation: This set of skill involves showing the employer that you can work efficiently, prioritize, manage and work productively (Harvey, 2003). The importance of organization is that it helps employees to make a good judgment on what is important so that it is done in good time. It helps employees to perform different tasks in an organized manner to meet deadlines effectively (Yorke, 2006). Therefore, all employers are looking for candidates who are organized in their work as they help the business to meet its targets easily. Motivation and Perseverance: Employers looks for graduate students who are self-motivated and ready to persevere challenging working environment. Often, the working life is characterized by many challenges (Brown, Hesketh and Williams, 2004). Therefore, recruiters focus on employing individuals who are strong in challenging times since they have the ability to come up with long lasting solutions in the work area. Hence, graduates should make sure to show their employers that they can persevere hard times so as to increase their employability (Yorke, 2006). Competence to work under pressure: Usually, recruiters want to find employees who can keep calm during a crisis. Therefore, as a graduate student, one should prove that he or she can manage to avoid stress which may turn out to be more destructive (Torres-MachÃÆ' ­, CarriÃÆ' ³n, Yepes and Pellicer, 2012 p. 165). Having this skill is important as it helps the manager and employees to come up with an effective solution during challenging moments. Confidence: Always, employees are required to exhibit a higher level of confidence and not arrogance. Confidence means that as an employee, one is aware of what is required of him or her in performing duties (Tomlinson, 2007 p. 288). Therefore, as a graduate student, you should prove to the recruiter that you understand the responsibilities of your career. At the same time, you should show confidence in your company and other employees. Methodology To effectively analyze employability among graduate students, use of interview questions is important in tackling every aspect. During the interview, various questions are asked to ascertain the intervieweesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ awareness of the company and job. The reason for this was to get personal views on how they understand the business and its operations. Also, the interview questions set awareness of what the recruiters look for in every graduate student that seeks to be employed in their organizations (Yorke, 2006). Every question helps the recruiter to evaluate the candidates and come up with a conclusive decision after interviewing all participants. Therefore, below are some of the interview questions that candidates are supposed to answer during an interview. 1. Can you tell me a little about yourself? 2. What do you know about the company? 3. Why do you want this job? 4. What are your greatest professional strengths? 5. Why are you leaving your current job? 6. What are you looking for in a new position? 7. How would your boss and co-workers describe you? 8. How do you deal with pressure or stressful situations? 9. What do you think we could do better or differently? 10. Do you have any questions for us? Findings From this study, it came to the realization that many graduate students have difficulty in answering interview questions. Thus, this paper meant to help them understand what is required of them while answering interview questions. Most importantly, graduates are required to be aware of pertinent skills that employers desire (Harvey, 2003). For instance, it was evident that many candidates did not prepare well when going for an interview. This caught them unaware when they are asked questions about the company and its competitors. In many times, candidates do not prepare sufficiently to understand how the firm operates and which companies are their competitors in the market. Also, many graduate student is not aware of their professional competencies. Describing personal competencies help the recruiter to believe that one can see many to undertake specified roles (Yorke, 2006). Therefore, all graduates should be informed on such important aspects of interview questions so as to increas e their employability. Conclusions Evidently, graduate students need to be trained on impor...

Policy Making and the Federal System Essay - 841 Words

Short Essay: Policy-Making in the Federal System Obama’s Care â€Å"Medicaid – not Medicare Frances Johnson POL: 201 American National Government Instructor, Carol Parker July 12th, 2012 During the 2008 federal campaign, Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama placed comprehensive health care reform at the centre of his platform. In the light of the growing problems facing the US health care system, the time seemed ripe for another attempt to control health costs while expanding insurance coverage. Elected in the context of the deepest recession since World War II, President Obama nonetheless decided to reform the U S health care system at the beginning of his presidency( proquest.com). While†¦show more content†¦Under the ObamaCare, the federal government now imposes Medicaid on the states as a federal mandate to meet the federal requirements of the individual mandate for the entire below- age- 65 population with incomes under 138 percent of the poverty level (Forbes.com). That includes mandatory coverage for the first time of all non-elderly, childless adults within the income limits. The states, consequently, no longer retain substantial discretion to determine eligibility or scope and duration of coverage for the program within their respective jurisdictions, which makes the program unacceptably coercive. ObamaCare is the individual mandate requiring every citizen to obtain health- insurance coverage with benefits and provisions specified by the federal government (Forbes.com). The way ObamaCare provides for lower- income individuals and families to obtain that required coverage is by forcing the states to offer expanded coverage under Medicaid as a condition of continuing to participate in the rest of the program. Under the ObamaCare, the federal government now imposes Medicaid on the states as a federal mandate to meet the federal requirements of the individual mandate for the entire below- age- 65 population with incomes under 138 percent of the poverty level (Forbes.com). That includes mandatory coverage for the first time of all non-elderly, childless adults within the income limits. The states,Show MoreRelatedPolicy Making Of The Federal System897 Words   |  4 PagesPolicy-making in the Federal System The federal system of government in the United States of America has a three-tier system where the policy-making function cuts across the federal, state and local government. The responsibility of government is divided across the three tiers in different proportions depending on the need being served (Gerston, 2007). Public policy in matters like health care is very sensitive when laws or amendments are passed. The laws at the national level might not reflect theRead MoreThe Federal Reserve : The Central Bank Of The United States1526 Words   |  7 Pages The Federal Reserve Introduction The Federal Reserve, also known as the Fed is the central bank of the United States. The system was created on December 1913 during the reign of President Woodrow Wilson. It was during this time that President Woodrow signed the Federal Reserve Act, incorporating it into the law. The Congress was behind the creation of the Federal Reserve with the ultimate goal of making it safer and more reliable to keep the money. 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The Big Melting Pot - 1589 Words

America, the land that people often refer to as the big melting pot. People from all over the world come here that have different cultures, different appearances, and different religions. However, this poses a huge question on how this came to be. How did diversity first come about? Why do people believe or act differently than others? Once diversity began appear, how did people come up with classifications to group certain people together? Some answers are easier than others. For example, according to the power point people came from Africa. As they moved to other areas of the world, they began to adapt and significant differences between people came to form. Noses are good examples of this adaptation. Depending if a nose is narrower or wider, the nose either warms or cools the air. This is important for which climate setting the person lives in. These differences began the classifying because people have a hard time of letting people just be people. Although, people do enjoy knowin g what ethnicity they have in their genetics. With all these differences though, it makes classifying people into arduous processes that holds many errors and is problematic when people add a hierarchy to the classifications. The start of racial classifications where especially problematic. Race is primarily based off of people’s characteristics, and to classify people at the start, there were only three categories: Caucasoid, Mongoloids, and Negroid. Trying to put the whole populations intoShow MoreRelatedThe Melting Pot Of The United States1037 Words   |  5 Pages From the birth of the United States, immigrants have always caused an environment something more representative of a big melting pot. 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However to be socially accepted, they will need to learn English, take part in celebrating national holidays and fulfill their

Influenza in the Elderly - 1248 Words

Influenza in the elderly: What you need to know Access to health care services Influenza is a serious but common respiratory illness. The flu usually occurs in 15-25% of the worlds human population each year. This illness typically has a low death rate, with average overall mortality rates of 0.1% (Pierce Black 2008: 1). However, the elderly are one of the more susceptible populations to contracting influenza and suffer more severe consequences than healthy adults as a result of being exposed to the flu. It is true that the elderly often have the advantage of being connected to regular healthcare services. Elderly patients do not have the issue of lacking insurance, unlike their younger counterparts, given that they have Medicare coverage through the government, as well as any private insurance they might possess. However, the elderly may also be more likely to be socially isolated than their younger counterparts, and lack transportation to clinics and pharmacies where they can obtain low-cost flu shots. The efficacy of the flu vaccine has long been noted: there is overwhelming evidence for the clinical efficacy of the influenza vaccine, especially in the elderly with chronic disease, reducing mortality and hospital admissions. There is also evidence to suggest that the influenza vaccine may be beneficial in the healthy elderly (Morgan King 1996: 339). Thus, there is a need to increase compliance amongst the elderly in getting a flu shot on an annualShow MoreRelatedInfluenza And The Elderly : Epidemic1920 Words   |  8 PagesInfluenza and the Elderly The last few days of summer are upon us, the leaves are beginning to change and it is once again fall in East Tennessee. While many are beginning to enjoy a relaxing break before the stresses of winter and the holidays, healthcare providers are bracing for the rush. The rush I speak of is that of doctor’s offices which are over run with those complaining of fevers, aches, and chills. Influenza season begins as early as August and can run as long as in to late March. ThoseRead MoreInfluenza Is An Acute Viral Infection1341 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction (.5 pages) Seasonal influenza commonly referred to as the â€Å"flu† is an acute viral infection caused by the influenza virus that can have possibly devastating effects on a community (â€Å"Influenza (Seasonal),† 2014). Seasonal influenza viruses cause annual epidemics that peak during the winter but can begin as early as late fall and last through early spring (â€Å"Prevention and Control of Influenza,† 2008). Influenza infections in the US affect a large amount of the US population. 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Typically, when someone is infected with influenza they experience fever (usually 100 ° to 103 °F in adults, but even higher in children) and causes a cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, and also headaches, muscle aches, and usually extreme tiredn ess. There are sometimes other symptoms

Accessing Appropriate Support And Early Intervention As A...

Accessing appropriate support and early intervention is widely recognized as a protective factor for youth mental health concerns, improving quality of life and overall success (Rickwood, Deane, Wilson, 2007). As approximately 70% of adults living with a mental illness experience the onset of symptoms during their teenage years, it is imperative that youth become comfortable accessing help (Kessler, Berglund, Demler et al., 2005). YouthNet Rà ©seauAdo was founded in response to The Canadian Youth Mental Health and Illness Survey conducted by Dr. Ian G. Manion and Dr. Simon Davidson (CMHA, 1993). The 1993 national survey asked individuals between the ages of 13 and 18 about their knowledge of mental health and mental illness. Survey†¦show more content†¦Examining recent research will help to understand current trends in youth help-seeking behavior with regards to accessing professional services, family/friends, web-based platforms, or other outlets. The implications of current research are vital for making informed decisions regarding interventions aimed at increasing early youth help-seeking behavior. Barriers to accessing formal supports Mental health professionals (e.g. general practitioners, psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, nurses, psychotherapists, school guidance counsellors, etc.) are ideal supports for those struggling with their mental health. These professionals are trained to assess, treat, monitor, support, and connect individuals to appropriate mental health resources. Despite these qualifications, a wide range of studies suggest that youth aversion to seeking qualified help continues to be a barrier to care (Findlay Sunderland, 2014; Henrik, Kjetil, Arnstein, 2006; Reavley, Cvetkovski, Jorm, Lubman, 2010; Rickwood et al., 2007). Based on the findings of the 2014 Canadian Community Health Survey, a Statistics Canada Health Report was issued to give context to both professional and informal mental health supports across the country. The survey was completed by 4013 Canadian youth aged 15-24 and asked questions pertaining to whether or not youth had seen or spoken to anyone concerning their mental health, emotions, or drug/alcohol use during

In The 19th Century, China Had A Lot New Treaties And Wars Breaking Ou Essay Example For Students

In The 19th Century, China Had A Lot New Treaties And Wars Breaking Ou Essay t, all throught the 19th century. Some are like the Opium War(s), The Boxer Rebellion, and Sphere of Influence. These things were a big part of Chinas history. The Opium War was two wars fought between Great Britain and China in whom Western powers gained significant commercial privileges and territory. The Opium Wars began when the Chinese government tried to stop the illegal importation of opium by British merchants. The First Opium War started in 1839 when the Chinese government confiscated opium warehouses in Guangzhou (Canton). Britain responded by sending an expedition of warships to the city in February 1840. The British won a quick victory and the conflict was ended by the Treaty of Nanking (Nanjing) on August 29, 1842. By this treaty, and a supplementary one signed on October 8, 1843, China was forced to pay a large indemnity, open five ports to British trade and residence, and cede Hong Kong to Great Britain. The treaty also gave British citizens in China the right to be tried in British courts. Other Western powers demanded, and were granted, similar privileges. In October 1856, Guangzhou police boarded the British ship Arrow and charged its crew with smuggling. Eager to gain more trading rights, the British used the incident to launch another offensive, precipitating the Second Opium War. British forces, aided by the French, won another quick military victory in 1857. When the Chinese government refused to ratify the Treaty of Tianjin, which had been signed in 1858, the hostilities resumed. In 1860, after British and French troops had occupied Beijing and burned the Summer Palace, the Chinese agreed to ratify the treaty. The treaty opened additional trading ports, allowed foreign emissaries to reside in Beijing, admitted Christian missionaries into China, and opened travel to the Chinese interior. Later negotiations legalized the importation of opium. The Boxer Rebellion uprising, Chinese nationalist uprising against foreigners, the representatives of alien powers, and Chinese Christians in 1900. Expulsion of all foreigners from China was the ultimate objective of the uprising. In 1899 a secret society of Chinese called the Yihequan (Righteous and Harmonious Fists), known by Westerners as the Boxers, began a campaign of terror against Christian missionaries in the northeastern provinces. Although the Boxers were officially denounced, they were secretly supported by many of the royal court, including the Dowager Empress Cixi (Tzu-hsi). Economic and political exploitation of China by various Western powers and Japan and humiliating military defeats inflicted by Great Britain in the Opium Wars (1839-1842, 1856-1860) and by Japan in the First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) were the main causes of Chinese resentment, compounded by general economic problems. The terrorist activities of the Boxer society gradually increased during 1899 with Boxer bands attacking Christians on sight. When these bands entered the Chinese capital, Beijing, the foreign powers dispatched a small relief column from Tianjin (Tientsin) to secure their interests and citizens in the capital. On June 13 Cixi ordered imperial troops to turn back this column, and the ensuing crisis culminated on June 18, 1900, in a general uprising in Beijing, with Cixi ordering that all foreigners be killed. Many foreigners and others took refuge in the part of the city where the foreign legations were located; the rebels placed the area under siege. A larger relief expedition consisting of British, French, Japanese, Russian, German, and American troops relieved the besieged quarter and occupied Beijing on August 14, 1900. The relief forces retained possession of the city, looking for and punishing anti foreign actions, until a peace treaty was signed on September 7, 1901. By the ter ms of the treaty the Chinese were required to pay, over a period of 40 years, a large indemnity. Other treaty provisions included commercial concessions and the right to station foreign troops to guard the legations in Beijing and to maintain a clear corridor from Beijing to the coast. Despite efforts by the United States to stop further territorial encroachment (see Open Door Policy); Russia extended its sphere of influence in Manchuria during the revolt, a policy that culminated in the Russo-Japanese war (1904-1905). .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec , .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec .postImageUrl , .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec , .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec:hover , .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec:visited , .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec:active { border:0!important; } .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec:active , .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a64c3639c59e87780736ec8e940acec:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: New Literary Criticism Literatures Literary EssayIn Conclusion, these things are very important to Chinas History in the 19th century.